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In particle physics, strangeness (S) is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions which occur in a short period of time. The strangeness of a particle is defined as:

${\displaystyle S=-(n_s-n_{\overline{s}})}$

where n
_s
represents the number of strange quarks (
s
) and n
_s
represents the number of strange antiquarks (
s
).

The terms strange and strangeness predate the discovery of the quark, and were adopted after its discovery in order to preserve the continuity of the phrase; strangeness of anti-particles being referred to as +1, and particles as −1 as per the original definition. For all the quark flavour quantum numbers (strangeness, charm, topness and bottomness) the convention is that the flavour charge and the electric charge of a quark have the same sign. With this, any flavour carried by a charged meson has the same sign as its charge.

Conservation[edit]

Strangeness was introduced by Murray Gell-Mann, Abraham Pais and Kazuhiko Nishijima to explain the fact that certain particles, such as the kaons or the hyperons
Σ
and
Λ
, were created easily in particle collisions, yet decayed much more slowly than expected for their large masses and large production cross sections. Noting that collisions seemed to always produce pairs of these particles, it was postulated that a new conserved quantity, dubbed 'strangeness', was preserved during their creation, but not conserved in their decay.

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In our modern understanding, strangeness is conserved during the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not during the weak interactions. Consequently, the lightest particles containing a strange quark cannot decay by the strong interaction, and must instead decay via the much slower weak interaction. In most cases these decays change the value of the strangeness by one unit. However, this doesn't necessarily hold in second-order weak reactions, where there are mixes of
K⁰
and
K⁰
mesons. All in all, the amount of strangeness can change in a weak interaction reaction by +1, 0 or -1 (depending on the reaction).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

• D.J. Griffiths (1987). Introduction to Elementary Particles. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-471-60386-3.

Further reading[edit]

• 'Lessons in Particle Physics' by Luis Anchordoqui and Francis Halzen, University of Wisconsin, 18th Dec. 2009

The charm quark, charmed quark or c quark (from its symbol, c) is the third most massive of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Charm quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles made of quarks. Examples of hadrons containing charm quarks include the J/ψ meson (
J/ψ
), D mesons (
D
), charmed Sigma baryons (
Σ
_c), and other charmed particles.

It, along with the strange quark is part of the second generation of matter, and has an electric charge of +2/3e and a bare mass of 1.275+0.025
−0.035GeV/c².^[1] Like all quarks, the charm quark is an elementaryfermion with spin1/2, and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the charm quark is the charm antiquark (sometimes called anticharm quark or simply anticharm), which differs from it only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

The existence of a fourth quark had been speculated by a number of authors around 1964 (for instance by James Bjorken and Sheldon Glashow^[4]), but its prediction is usually credited to Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos and Luciano Maiani in 1970 (see GIM mechanism).^[5] The first charmed particle (a particle containing a charm quark) to be discovered was the J/ψ meson. It was discovered by a team at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), led by Burton Richter,^[6] and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), led by Samuel Ting.^[7]

The 1974 discovery of the
J/ψ
(and thus the charm quark) ushered in a series of breakthroughs which are collectively known as the November Revolution.

Hadrons containing charm quarks[edit]

Some of the hadrons containing charm quarks include:

• D mesons contain a charm quark (or its antiparticle) and an up or down quark.
• 
  D
  _s mesons contain a charm quark and a strange quark.
• There are many charmonium states, for example the
  J/ψ
  particle. These consist of a charm quark and its antiparticle.
• Charmed baryons have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons (e.g.
  Λ⁺
  _c).

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ ^abM. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). 'Review of Particle Physics'. Physical Review D. 98 (3): 030001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001.
2. ^R. Nave. 'Transformation of Quark Flavors by the Weak Interaction'. Retrieved 2010-12-06. The c quark has about 5% probability of decaying into a d quark instead of an s quark.
3. ^K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data Group); et al. (2010). 'Review of Particles Physics: The CKM Quark-Mixing Matrix'(PDF). Journal of Physics G. 37 (75021): 150. Bibcode:2010JPhG..37g5021N. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7a/075021.
4. ^B.J. Bjorken, S.L. Glashow; Glashow (1964). 'Elementary particles and SU(4)'. Physics Letters. 11 (3): 255–257. Bibcode:1964PhL..11.255B. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90433-0.
5. ^S.L. Glashow, J. Iliopoulos, L. Maiani; Iliopoulos; Maiani (1970). 'Weak Interactions with Lepton–Hadron Symmetry'. Physical Review D. 2 (7): 1285–1292. Bibcode:1970PhRvD..2.1285G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.2.1285.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. ^J.-E. Augustin; et al. (1974). 'Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e⁺e⁻ Annihilation'. Physical Review Letters. 33 (23): 1406. Bibcode:1974PhRvL.33.1406A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406.
7. ^J.J. Aubert; et al. (1974). 'Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J'. Physical Review Letters. 33 (23): 1404. Bibcode:1974PhRvL.33.1404A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404.

Further reading[edit]

• R. Nave. 'Quarks'. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
• A. Pickering (1984). Constructing Quarks. University of Chicago Press. pp. 114–125. ISBN978-0-226-66799-7.